The Railways in the Industrial Revolution

If the steam engine is the icon of the industrial revolution, it’s most famous incarnation is the steam driven locomotive. The union of steam and iron rails produced the railways, a new form of transport which boomed in the later nineteenth century, affecting industry and social life. The Development of the Railways In 1767 Richard Reynolds created a set of rails for moving coal at Coalbrookdale; these were initially wood  but became iron rails. In 1801 the first Act of Parliament was passed for the creation of a ‘railway’, although at this point it was a horse pulled carts on rails. Small, scattered railway development continued, but at the same time, the steam engine was evolving. In 1801 Trevithic invented a steam driven locomotive which ran on roads, and 1813 William Hedly built Puffing Billy for use in mines, followed a year later by George Stephenson’s engine. In 1821 Stephenson built the Stockton to Darlington railway using iron rails and steam power with the aim of breaking the local monopoly of the canal owners. The initial plan had been for horses to provide the energy, but Stephenson pushed for steam. The importance of this has been exaggerated, as it still remained as â€Å"fast† as a canal (i.e. slow). The first time a railway used a true steam locomotive running on rails was the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1830. This is probably the true landmark in rail and mirrored the route of the groundbreaking Bridgewater Canal. Indeed, the owner of the canal had opposed the railway to protect his investment. The Liverpool to Manchester railway provided the management blueprint for later development, creating a permanent staff and recognizing the potential of passenger travel. Indeed, until the 1850s railways made more from passengers than freight. In the 1830s canal companies, challenged by new railways, cut prices and largely kept their business. As railways were rarely connected they were generally used for local freight and passengers. However, industrialists soon realized that railways could make a clear profit, and in 1835-37, and 1844-48 there was such a boom in the creation of railways that ‘railway mania’ was said to have swept the country. In this later period, there were 10,000 acts creating railways. Of course, this mania encouraged the creation of lines which were unviable and in competition with each other. The government largely adopted a laissez-faire attitude  but did intervene to try and stop accidents and dangerous competition. They also passed a law in 1844 ordering third class travel to be on at least one train a day, and the Gauge Act of 1846 to make sure the trains ran on the same sort of rails. Railways and Economic Development Railways had a major impact on farming, as perishable goods such as dairy products could now be moved long distances before they were inedible. The standard of living rose as a result. New companies formed to both run railways and take advantage of the possibilities, and a major new employer was created. At the height of the railway boom, massive amounts of Britain’s industrial output were funneled into the construction, boosting industry, and when the British boom subsided these materials were exported to build railways abroad. Social Impact of Railways In order for trains to be timetabled, a standardized time was introduced across Britain, making it a more uniform place. Suburbs began to form as white collar workers moved out from the inner cities, and some working-class districts were demolished for new rail buildings. Opportunities for travel broadened as the working class could now travel further and more freely, although some conservatives worried this would cause a revolt. Communications were vastly sped up, and regionalization began to break down. Importance of the Railways The effect of railways in the Industrial Revolution is often exaggerated. They did not cause industrialization  and had no impact on the changing locations of industries as they only developed after 1830 and were initially slow to catch on. What they did do was allow the revolution to continue, provide further stimulus, and help to transform the mobility and diets of the population.

Negative Effects Of Smoking - 1719 Words

Introduction Smoking causes 1,300 deaths daily in the U.S., and an estimated 5.6 million pre-mature deaths is expected among American youths18 years and younger due to a smoking-related illness if smoking continues at the current rate (CDC, 2017). According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), there are currently 40 million adult smokers in the U.S. (CDC, 2017), and 763,960 of these residents are from Massachusetts (DPH, 2014). Smoking can cause various kinds of cancer such as those of the cervix, stomach, esophagus, lungs and the bladder (Cio et al., 2014). Besides, smoking predisposes individuals to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) which involves health complications in the bronchi resulting in various diseases such as†¦show more content†¦According to West, McNeill Raw (2000), 1-3 smokers from 100 who receive brief advice from their health care provider, make some form of attempt to quit, as this form of advice can trigger a cessation attempt. Patients tend to lose interest and revert to their bad habit. A pilot study, completed at the Mason Square Clinic in Springfield between July and August of 2017 was successful as it utilized the use of group sessions, contingency management and the use of a carbon monoxide breathalyzer, but had margin for error due to the use of large rewards instead of smaller amounts (J. Alexander, personal communication, November 1, 2017). On a national lev el, exposure to secondhand smoke or smoking cigarettes leads to premature death of almost 500,000 Americans yearly (CDC, 2017), and smokers die 10 years earlier than non-smokers. An estimated 40% to 70% of people with HIV smoke, a number almost triple in comparison to that of those with other chronic illnesses such as Diabetes, Cancer, Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease and Cardio-cerebrovascular disease (Nguyen, et al., 2015). In HIV-positive patients, a negative virologic and immune response (O’Cleirigh, Traeger, Mayer, Magidson Safren, 2013), and an increase in medical complications have been linked to smoking (Humfleet, Hall, Delucchi, Dilley, 2013). Yet, despite the available data andShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Smoking1492 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking not only hurts its users, but it hurts whole communities and the economy. Researchers believe that smoking began around 1 BCE, with recreational use becoming a common thing as soon as European settlers re ached the Americas in the 15th century (Borio). Throughout the past centuries, tobacco has been used in many different ways. As more methods of utilizing tobacco have become possibilities, their negative effects on their users and other people have increased. In order to make the tobaccoRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking892 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty one people die due to smoking which is about one person every minute. Even though smoking is bad it helps the government and the people. Smoking doesn’t kill a person it does more than that. It changes your appearance, health, and affects the people around you. Many people should understand that smoking is not good for their health. One should consider the consequences of smoking. Every time a person smokes they are just pulling the trigger to kill themselves. Smoking cigarettes is very injuriousRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking1195 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Cigarettes destroy life. Toxic to the body. We are young generation. Confident for non-smokers.† This is motto of the Army Reserve Command to cultivate reserve officer training corps student and other youth to realize the harm of smoking. What is cigarette? cigarette under the Tobacco Act BE 2509 means that the tobacco or flavored tobacco, whether the drug or drugs to dry the compressed mixed or not. Which the cigarettes made with paper or object made instead of paper or dryRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking1151 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the hardest things in life is saying goodbye to the ones you love for the very last time. Smoking is a life-threatening addiction that has brought this tragedy to millions of families at an accelerated pace and not all have been those who do smoke. No one wants to have to deal with tragedy, but nowadays there may be no way to avoid it. Unless, that is, our government intervenes, and puts something into place to end the threat of Secondhand Smoke exposure. I believe the one thing that can beRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Essay example2027 Words   |  9 Pages1.0 Introduction Smoking is considered a true addiction and is widespread throughout the world between the percentage of smokers at 47% of men and 12% of women who smoke, this causes cardiovascular diseases and deaths are caused by lung cancer and pharynx. Countries with low levels of socio-economic development ranked first in the ranks of the largest number of smokers with more than 15 years. The country sits at 46%, with a prevalence of 35% in people over the age of 15 years. This habit isRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesSmoking cigarettes can be very harmful to your life with so many health issues, such as heart disease, cancer and emphysema. Some people think it’s not a huge issue smoking cigarettes but it’s a great way to lose ten years of your life. You lose lots of money, a lifetime of health issues, and cause you to have yellowing of the teeth and bad breath .There is way too many health risks involved to start using this drug. Say no to cigarettes you will be healthier in the end then to continue on this wrongfulRead MoreNegative Effects of Smoking on Human Health and the Economy1475 Words   |  6 Pages Moreover, smoking particularly adversely affects womens reproductive health, and smoke exposure on children has had detrimental and some sometimes fatal effects on children. Many studies have examined and outlined the adverse effects of maternal smoking on both the mother as well as on the baby and/or infant ( Hofhuis, de Jongste, Merkus, 2003 Woolbright 1994). Many states such as Alabama required documentation on birth certificates of tobacco use of mothers (Woolbright, 1994). Despite theRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Smoking Tobacco Essay examples1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe Negative Effects of Smoking Tobacco One may think they have benefits from smoking because they fit in the crowd. Of course, thats not true. Someone may tell you that if you smoke youll be cool and everyone will like you. Then the crowd that smokes will like you but others may not. Your family may think you are uncool since you smoke. Other friends that you had may start not liking you since they wont want to be around you when you smoke. You might start to rather smoke then beRead MoreReason Why Teenagers Age 13- 18 Years Old from Different Colleges and Universities Engage in Cigarette Smoking Despite Its Negative Effects2166 Words   |  9 PagesEngage Themselves to Smoking A thesis submitted to the Faculty of St. Paul College, Pasig In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research Nicole Therese Ang-Angco Caryl Marie Balagot Cara Dominique Beltran Sheena Sharmaine Estayo Julianne Rose Santarina March 2009 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING A. Research Problem: Reason why teenagers age 13- 18 years old from different colleges and universities engage in cigarette smoking despite its negative effects B. Objectives:Read MoreOutcome of Banning Smoking in Public Areas663 Words   |  3 Pagesasthma problems has dropped by after smoking was banned in public places. Researchers from the University of Maastricht and the University of Edinburgh studied 250,000 hospital visits and more than 2.5 million births for asthma attacks in children. It was discovered that â€Å"preterm births and hospital attendance for asthma has fallen by 10% â€Å" especially in areas where smoking is banned. Though banning smoking at in public places would possibly have a negative effect, because people may start to smoke

Analysis of issues and Trends in Singapore Press Holding and IMDA

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of issues Trends in the Communication Industry. Answer: This case study is about Singapore Press Holding and the Info-communication Media Development Authority (IMDA) which came into a partnership to produce and distribute short form digital video content on SPH multimedia platform as part of a pilot public service Broadcast (PSB) initiative. It will feature local content produced in both English Mandarin on key themes. Secondly IMDA is launching a Writers Lab program in association with Lasalle College of Arts, Puttnam School of Film Animation. This move was to keep the Content on every screen theme prevalent throughout the years Asia Television Forum Market and Screen Singapore, Up to 3 scripts will be produced premiered on Singapore Mediacorps Toggle platform. At present times, communication industry is fast growing with technological factors, in which they need to upgrade its technology.by following current need of the market. These industries are developing their customer services with new business prospects. By the implementation of multiple telecasts, television producers telecast episodes several times a day as they understand their customers that they cant catch up their favourite show at a particular time slot. Channels made available these episodes online within few hours of its telecast. Television companies organise the channels by providing cable box in which viewer can make a subject wise organised group of his favourite channels. Like sports channels are grouped in sport group. They continuously add up new channels according to brand. Like IPTV is an app by American wrestling company for live wrestling events. They made a no Advertisement Model in which Netflix is leading member for no ad model. They majorly focus on regional Market by giving importance to the national and foreign audiences by launching programmes in different languages (Bharti, Balaji Meitei, 2011). When any communication industry wants to grow in the market with its best quality content and technology, it hinges with some issues which hinder the growth of these industries. Expensive New Media Technology is one of the factors which are an obstacle in the growth of media industry. New Media technologies are very expensive and it increases the cost of running commercials and production. This high expenditure of technology also includes indirect tax burden levied in the entertainment sector. New market entrants are also the key challenging factor for any media industry where they come up with new policies and content which is attractive for the customers and shrinking for both the recipient market and advertising market (Lee, 2014). Some industries run its business with its old or similar working process for a long time and by this way loses its customer. They have a lack of Innovation in their content to retain the customers. It is necessary to develop interactive media products a nd improvement of technology for efficient media operations. With this by decreasing recipient which is a result of decreasing interest of audience causes low television rating points. Few media industries are lacking in their internal infrastructure which is important for resource supportive application, improved manageability and performance (Cunha, 2002) These media industries should take initiatives in Environmental Protection by publishing columns and program featuring on environment. Publishing materials on the environmental friendly product which is beneficial for the public at large. Relationships building by interacting with its customers and increasing its digital boundaries with innovation, creating websites and mobile application. This task of engagement is done by designing the content of writing according to the targeted audience to get their focus on the material. By making attractive headlines of the content to get the audiences attention. Material in the print media should be with positive framing (Domingo, Quandt, Heinonen, Paulussen, Snger Vujnovic, 2008). These industries should grow in a targeted Market. This initiative was for a group of audience who are interested in a particular topic in targeted magazines or newspapers. Targeting audiences were of particular profession, interest or region. Cost effective strate gy was used to target the audiences in less expensive manner by making the promotions more effective and efficient. Negotiation was used to effectively minimize the cost with publications at a lower price when they are close to the deadline. A communication industry needs to maintain its standards and norms for the better procedures and policy maintenance. For that reason every industry needs to be governed by some regulatory authority and follow its rules. Media and communication industry which is Mediacorp and Singapore Press Holding should also alien their initiatives with the Singapore Ministry of communication which is IMDA. Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) is the regulator who aims at contributory and vibrant market. It helps in growth of the industry and innovative services. These communication industries alien their initiatives by developing their content and publishing procedure according to the regulatory measures, trends and policies (IMDA, 2017). For the sustainable growth and effective competition industry should review its policies and technological development to measure them with the social values and norms. The expertise opinion of stakeholders and consultation with the regulatory authority is necessary at the time of formulating new policies. Any industry works for their customers and these industries make their norms and policy with the social standards and values. Regular innovation and experiments enhances value to the consumers value and standards. Communication industry mainly targets their audiences with a particular group to engage them with their content as regular reader. A communication industry works on some particular models or ethics to meet its consumers needs and demands. These models are mainly Market model and public sphere model. Mediacorp and Singapore press holdings while facing the challenges in the market and taking initiatives to overcome them, consider these two models. The market model deals with the needs of the society which met by the industry with an exchange process of demand and supply. In this model media is also taken as a goods services. Any initiatives taken by the media industry is with the consideration of market model. To encourage efficiency in the procedures and price standards, market models are implemented. Because they constantly increase profits with a lowest cost. To implement these models industry needs to establish a regulatory framework. Responsibility towards the public at large is increased or maintained at some level with the principle of supply and demand. Market works on the principle of demand supply, as the demand of consumers increases supply of the product also increased. Flexibility in the industry is necessary in the frequently changing market conditions and that comes with the adaptability of market conditions. Innovative approach which is adopted by the communication industry to face the challenging circumstance is based on the market economies. Innovative approach is adopted by the market players to be a dynamic industry. Unwillingness of market player to take a risk in producing innovative products can lead to less competition. This result into less choice for consumers. On the other hand the model of public sphere was suggested because it was felt that all the needs of society cannot be fulfilled with the market model because societal needs cannot be fulfilled just by demand and supply dynamic. Profitability of the media industry cannot be the only indicator of healthy industry. For that reason government also plays an important role in assessing the performance of industr y. With that, public sphere model consists of society, government and media. Coordination between these three organisations results into developmental outcomes of the industry (Habermas, 1984). With the basic understanding of the concept media industry follow this model for their initiative programmes to make the media widely accessible for the public at large without the intervention of the government. This model of public sphere talks about serving people not targeting their consumers. While taking any initiatives, media industry keeps in mind the participation and accessibility of the citizens (Mediacorp, 2016). These industries which are Singapore Press Holdings and Info-communication Media Development Authority and came into a partnership to produce and distribution of short form digital video content on SPH multimedia. Secondly Singapore Inforcom Media Development Authority (IMDA) that launched a Writers lab program in association with Lasalle College of Arts to keep the content on every screen. In the process of the new partnership and launch program these media industries work according with the current trends of the media industry. Television industry was trending currently for the multiple telecasts, regional market, organising channels, adding up new channels and with no advertisement models. But these media industry faced many challenges also while balancing with the current trends, which were like the expensive technology, market entreats, lack of innovation and so on. For these challenges, media industries took some initiatives to overcome them which were in the form of building r elationships, targeting market, cost effectiveness, engagement of the audiences with the content and by launching environment friendly programs. Any initiatives taken by the media industry was with the alignment to the policies and procedures of the Singapores ministry of communication. The media industry works on the model of Market and public sphere for the better regulation of their content which was taken as exchange of demand supply and governmental regulations for the better access of media content for the citizens. References IMDA. (2017). Overview of IMDA as a regulator of infocomm and media sector in Singapore, Retrieved on 22nd July, 2017 from https://www.imda.gov.sg/regulations-licensing-and-consultations/overview Cunha. (2002). Singapore in the new Millennium: Challenges facing the city-state. Singapore; Institute if Southeast Asian. Lee. (2014). Social Media Challenges for Advertising Business and Creatives Management in the Social Media Era, International Journal of Research in Business Studies Management, vol. 1, no.1, pp.1-11. Barathi, C., Balaji, C.D. Meitei, CH. (2011). Trends Potential of the Entertainment Industry- An indepth Analysis, Journal of Arts, Science Commerce, Vol. II, no. 2, pp. 286-296. Toriman M.E., (2011). Challenges of Media Communication Issues, The Innovation Journal: The Public Sector Innovation Journal, vol. 16(3), pp. 1-5. Domingo, D., Quandt, T., Heinonen, A., Paulussen, S., Singer, J. B., Vujnovic, M. (2008). Participatory journalism practices in the media and beyond: An international comparative study of initiatives in online newspapers.Journalism practice,2(3), 326-342. Habermas, J., Lennox, S., Lennox, F. (1974). The public sphere: An encyclopedia article (1964).New German Critique, (3), 49-55. Mediacorp. (2016). Media Releases. Retrieved on 22nd July, 2017 from https://www.mediacorp.sg/en/corporate/mediacorp-in-the-news/media-releases/mediacorp-announces-dedicated-programmes-and-digital-initiatives-6475118 SPH. (2008). Singapore Press Holding to evelop web TV Portal . Retrieved on 22nd July, 2017 from https://www.sph.com.sg/media_releases/634 Khan, A. (2016), Medias Support in Promoting Environment Awareness, International Journal of Scientific Research Education, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 5588-5595. Gbam, B.N. (2017). The challenges and prospects of the new media in public service broadcasting in nigeria, Global Journal of Arts, Humanities Social Sciences,vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1-7. CBAA. (2007). Recent Public Sphere Theory as an Evaluative Resource, Retrieved on 22nd July, 2017 from https://www.cbaa.org.au/article/recent-public-sphere-theory-evaluative-resource

The Key to Effective Leadership-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Write a Reflection on Leadership based on your experience with the Leader Project. Answer: A survey was conducted by me in the team to gather the ideas and reviews to improve as a leader. This has been done to enhance the performance of myself as a leader in the Multi-disciplinary teams. Various questions were asked for the same and the answers got from the team members from which the improvements have to be made after looking on to the feedbacks and reviews of the team members. On asking that how I am capable enough to empower my team members and how they feel accountable for their performance, the team members replied that I am a good listener but need to be more involved with them. Being a good listener always helps in becoming a better co-worker or a leader (Ajmeri, 2012). For this, I could hold regular meetings with them and try to be more supportive for the team as a whole. I can bring people together to ask them their opinions and should try to take initiative for my team members whenever they seek support and help from me. To make people valued and included, I can involve my team members in the decision making activities which would develop a feeling of involvement among the team members. I received a feedback that I am dynamic and understand my team members but I can be more effective if I will get to know the members personally. For this, I can conduct one on one meetings with the team members or could arrange the parties at the end of the month or two to get along with the personally too. To make my team high performing and more effective I have to encourage and motivate them from time to time. I have to train my team to make them ready for the changes and so that they do not get restraint to changes. I realised that getting the feedbacks from the team members could help me in making myself more responsible and effective. I should encourage my team members to regularly provide their feedbacks and to approach me in case of any hurdles. This would make the team members more frank and open with the leader and the problems will be resolved more easily than before (Aguilar, 2016). The regular communication is must and it helps in making the team members more skilled and effective (Miller, 2012). I could also conduct development sessions which would make my bonding stronger with the team. I could hold a brainstorming session which will not only help in making the team more involved but will also bring innovative ideas for the team. I have to keep myself calm and supportive in the periods of change so that the team members could follow the same. I have to be involved in my team regularly. Active and on-going managers are better than the ones who remains lost. Holding a control and command is important for a leader (Hays, 2007). For being a better leader for my team, I will have to adopt a good combination of skills which will help in building interests and relationships and will also provide me a good control over the team members to have better performance. References Aguilar, E 2016, Reflecting on Yourself as a Leader, Edutopia. Ajmeri, D 2012, A Reflection on Leadership based on my experience with the LEADER Project, Ivey Business School. Hays, R 2007, Reflection: What Makes a Good Leader?, Unitarian Universalist Church of Palo Alto. Miller, P 2012, Self-reflection: the key to effective leadership, Today's Manager.